In the poorest villages of Guizhou Province, about 90 percent of the villagers are illiterate. Teenage students often quit school to find jobs in faraway cities.
A typical village school has 50 first-graders, but less than 10 fifth-graders. Few students go on to middle school.
LASTING WAR
China lifted more than 700 million people out of poverty from 1978 to 2014, becoming the first country to meet the United Nations' target of halving the poor population.
Yet the war is unlikely to end soon.
Last year, the central treasury allocated 43.3 billion yuan in poverty relief funding, compared with 22.2 billion in 2010.
Though the government's poverty relief fund has nearly doubled in four years, the effect is far below expectation: only 12.32 million people emerged from poverty last year, compared with 43.29 million in 2011.
President Xi Jinping has often stressed the importance of poverty relief in underdeveloped rural areas to economic development nationwide.
Last week, at a Communist Party of China symposium on economic and social development in the 2016-2020 period, Xi said, "The most arduous task for achieving an all-round well-off society lies in the rural areas, especially the impoverished ones."
China is aiming to have established an "all-round well-off society" by 2020, a goal which includes specific requirements in GDP, income per capita, college enrollment rates and the number of doctors per 1,000 people.
Poverty relief, therefore, is crucial in China in the coming five years.
HIGH PRECISION
Xi has underlined "high precision" in poverty relief and called for policies based on different local situations and different causes of poverty.
Wang Sangui, a poverty-relief specialist with Beijing-based Renmin University, said it is crucial to precisely identify particularly needy groups.
"If the 43.3 billion yuan of relief funding last year was evenly distributed among the 70.17 million people in poverty, the per-capita 617 yuan would have been unlikely to improve anyone's situation," said Wang.
One of the government's endeavors is a 20,000-yuan-per-household allowance to build new homes for poor people in western and central areas.
"But those who can afford to have new homes built with the government allowance are clearly not the poorest," said Wang Zhengqi, an official in Guyuan City of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
The allowance covers no more than half the price of a new home, so people in abject poverty often turn down the government's offer.
In 2013, some 234 million yuan of poverty relief funding was found to have been misappropriated in 19 counties of six provinces and autonomous regions, and 143 people were penalized.
"It's important to improve management of the fund and enhance auditing, so as to avoid embezzlement and waste," said Wu Yuxiong, a relief official in Guangxi.
Huang Chengwei, vice president of the International Poverty Reduction Center in China, said it is crucial to tailor poverty relief for different people.
"A job, either in their hometown or in cities, can lift about half the needy population out of poverty," said Huang. "An additional 10 million can be relocated from their tough, uninhabitable homes to new villages or towns where jobs can be created."
For those who are impoverished through disease or other physical disabilities, he said it was essential for the government to extend special subsidies to finance their medication and meet their basic needs.
The training of 26,000 medical workers for the rural areas every year, for example, is a positive move in poverty relief, he said.
Meanwhile, companies like Tencent and Alibaba have triggered an Internet revolution in remote villages and are helping peasants try their luck in booming e-commerce, by selling their agricultural products to online shoppers nationwide.
"Poverty may remain a tough issue for several generations," said Liu Yongfu, head of the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development. "But we are confident that we'll win the war against poverty, and our dream for common prosperity will come true."
