"Japanese are coming!" Shanghai resident Li Fengxiang, 92, can still recall the late-night cries that awakened the city to horror and prompted her family into a desperate flight.[Special coverage]
It was autumn, 1937, when Shanghai was the battlefront of China's war against Japan. An influx of refugees had forced the French concession, their initial destination, to close down. In despair, they heard rumors about another refugee zone in the Chinese city.
They found shelter in a flour trading station where there were so many refugees that each family was restricted to one blanket on the floor, but at least they were spared from the bombings, slaughter and rape that went on outside night after night.
"Steamed buns and bread were handed out every day. Students patroled the zone," Li said. "There, we finally felt out of danger."
Back then, Li did not know the camp in the "Nanshi Refugee Zone", also known as "Jacquinot Safe Zone," was initiated by French missionary Robert Jacquinot de Besange, who is believed to have saved 300,000 Chinese from and inspired the creation of future wartime havens.
Though many of the camps are unrecognizable in today's sprawling metropolis, revelations of survivors' accounts and experts' calls for UNESCO inscription have projected the haven into public spotlight.
Su Zhiliang, history professor with Shanghai Normal University and a researcher on the zone, said the zone consisted of nine areas and covered one third of the old city. Its facilities included an amusement park, a mosque, a Taoist temple and a Buddhist monastery, among others.
It was established in November 1937 and remained operational till 1940, with more than 100 camps opened. Its success was largely credited to de Besange's diplomacy and donations from China and beyond.
Marcia Ristaino's 2008 book "The Jacquinot Safe Zone: Wartime Refugees in Shanghai" recorded some senarios of the missionary's hard campaign for donations to keep the asylum alive. In 1938, he "achieved his refugees 'mission of mercy'" after meeting Franklin Roosevelt and secured a generous relief fund from the U.S. president, it said.
Pan Dacheng (also named Pan Da), a Communist party intelligence officer assigned to work as de Besange's assistant, assisted in the zone's management. His account was told to Xinhua by his son Pan Guang.
According to the elder Pan, the zone had its own administrative organizations, police force, schools and hospitals. It also ran workshops where the refugees produced daily necessities.
JOINT APPLICATION
Pan Guang and Su are now among a group of campaigners for a joint application to add the zone and the city's old Jewish ghetto to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.
"The Shanghai Safety zone was one of the most successful refugee rescues in WWII," Su said. Its success had inspired similar safety zones in Nanjing, Hankou and Guangzhou and in France and was written into the Geneva Convention on wartime civilian protection.
Su is "racing against urbanization" to protect the zone sites, some of which have been torn down or turned into other facilities. The offices of de Besange, for instance, have been made into fast food stores.
The younger Pan, also a researcher on the Jewish refugees in Shanghai, drew a link between the zone and about 30,000 Jewish refugees the city sheltered from Nazi persecution during WWII.
"30,000 and 300,000 are two important numbers for Shanghai," Pan said the city sheltered 30,000 Jews during the war, meanwhile Chinese would not forget their foreign friends' protection of the 300,000 Chinese.
The application was also suggested as an attribute to de Besange's cause in China.
Born in 1878, the French missionary spent over 20 years in China and dedicated himself to civilian aids. He named himself Rao Jiahua, meaning "China home," as to, quoted by Shanghai newspaper Shen Bao, show his ardent love for China as his second hometown.
