A new study challenges a long-held assumption in psychology that most human emotions fall within the universal categories of happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust.
Using statistical models to analyze the responses of 853 men and women, who are demographically diverse, to 2,185 emotionally evocative video clips, University of California, Berkeley, researchers have identified 27 distinct categories of emotion and created a multidimensional map to show how they're connected.
Moreover, in contrast to the notion that each emotional state is an island, the study published in the early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal indicates that there are smooth gradients of emotion between, for instance, awe and peacefulness, horror and sadness, and amusement and adoration.
"We don't get finite clusters of emotions in the map because everything is interconnected," study lead author Alan Cowen, a doctoral student in neuroscience at UC Berkeley, was quoted as explaining in a news release.
For the study, the study participants went online to view a random sampling of silent 5- to-10-second videos intended to evoke a broad range of emotions. Themes from the video clips included births and babies, weddings and proposals, death and suffering, spiders and snakes, physical pratfalls and risky stunts, sexual acts, natural disasters, wondrous nature and awkward handshakes.
Three separate groups of participants watched sequences of videos, and, after viewing each clip, completed a reporting task.
The first group freely reported their emotional responses to each of 30 video clips. "Their responses reflected a rich and nuanced array of emotional states, ranging from nostalgia to feeling 'grossed out,'" noted Cowen.
The second group ranked each video according to how strongly it made them feel admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disappointment, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, envy, excitement, fear, guilt, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, pride, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire, surprise, sympathy and triumph. The participants converged on similar responses, with more than half of them reporting the same category of emotion for each video.
The final cohort rated their emotional responses on a scale of 1 to 9 to each of a dozen videos based on such dichotomies as positive versus negative, excitement versus calmness, and dominance versus submissiveness. Researchers were able to predict how participants would score the videos based on how previous participants had assessed the emotions the videos elicited.
Overall, the results showed that study participants generally shared the same or similar emotional responses to each of the videos, providing a wealth of data that allowed the researchers to identify 27 distinct categories of emotion.
Through statistical modeling and visualization techniques, the researchers organized the emotional responses to each video into a semantic atlas of human emotions. On the map, each of the 27 distinct categories of emotion corresponds to a particular color.
"We found that 27 distinct dimensions, not six, were necessary to account for the way hundreds of people reliably reported feeling in response to each video," said study senior author Dacher Keltner, a UC Berkeley psychology professor and expert on the science of emotions.
