Zuo Heng, a movie researcher with the China Film Archive, recalled that the "main melody" concept was first highlighted by the State administration in 1987 as a way of encouraging filmmakers to produce works that emphasized national spirit and pride.
Signature hits included The Birth of New China (1989), an epic that related the country's arduous history in 1948 and 1949, and the biographical drama Jiao Yulu (1990), which focused on an iconic CPC cadre who dedicated his life to the people.
Reflecting on the success of Jiao Yulu, Zuo said the film reached a high unrivaled by most commercial films of the time, thanks to its breakthrough narration－which employed a tragic, poetic tone－and star power, with the lead played by award-winning actor Li Xuejian.
When the movie opened across the country, tickets quickly sold out in most theaters, and venues recorded audiences of 90 percent, according to reports.
However, that level of success only belonged to a few outstanding movies, while most of the others failed to attract the public as a result of cliched storylines and stereotypical protagonists.
Reinventing tradition
Statistics from the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television show that China's movie industry was in a bad way, with theater admissions falling from 29.3 billion in 1979 to 10.5 billion in 1992, a decline of about 64 percent.
In an effort to rectify the situation, some filmmakers tried to reinvent traditional revolutionary movies by using commercial production techniques－an easy way of trying to win a market, Zuo said.
Director Ye Daying's Red Cherry (1995), about two orphans tortured by German invaders in the 1940s, and Feng Xiaoning's Red River Valley (1997), based on Britain's invasion of Tibet, attempted to look back at history from a more human perspective.
The result was uplifting. Red Cherry became a box-office champion in 1995, gaining attention at several international film festivals, and was selected as China's entry for the Best Foreign Picture category at the 68th Academy Awards in 1996.
Despite those successes, Hong Kong movies, which were in their heyday, and Hollywood blockbusters, such as Titanic－which saw audiences flocking to cinemas when it opened in the Chinese mainland in 1998－flooded movie theaters and video halls, main places of entertainment for young people, and cast a shadow over struggling, traditional filmmakers.
Breakthrough
The turning point came about a decade ago, as the domestic movie industry took off, heralding an unprecedented expansion.
For most cinema researchers, the Founding trilogy, produced by the China Film Group, the largest State-owned studio, marked a milestone in the reinvention of main melody movies.
The Founding of a Republic (2009), the first film in the franchise and made to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China, was a surprise hit.
In the past, such ideological dramas were usually low-budget and seldom recruited star names.
However, in an attempt to draw internet-obsessed young people back to the big screen, the movie featured a cast of around 200 well-known faces, including kung fu giants Jackie Chan and Jet Li, who played cameos and usually gave their services for free.
A joke that went viral online claimed "Blink for a second during the 135-minute span and you may miss a favorite star", illustrating that the public's enthusiasm for the movie was mainly aroused by star power.
A similar strategy of casting popular idols as politicians or military leaders was adopted for the follow-ups, The Beginning of the Great Revival (2011)－aka The Founding of a Party－and The Founding of an Army (2017).
However, the follow-ups failed to have the same box-office impact as The Founding of a Republic as a result of their pale storylines and the idols' undistinguished performances.
"Audiences are becoming more discerning about what they want to see on the big screen," Zuo said.
Meanwhile, an interesting trend has emerged: Just as State-owned studios are trying to commercialize revolutionary movies, private film companies have started showing an interest in making patriotic stories.
The Bona Film Group, a private company in Beijing, has become a frontrunner thanks to the consecutive successes of The Taking of Tiger Mountain, Operation Mekong and Operation Red Sea.
Hark, the director from Hong Kong, is known as a master who reinvented martial arts movies with special effects-studded spectacles, turning The Taking of Tiger Mountain, a well-known Communist espionage story, into a dazzling action thriller packed with visual effects.
Lam's two Operation movies have also won acclaim for their condensed gunfire, explosion and chase sequences.
"Now, Chinese mainstream movies are closer to their Hollywood counterparts. They have shaken off stereotypical scripts to express a universal value understood across borders," said Yin, from Tsinghua University.
"They will get even better, and there will be more in the future."
