参与者的平均年龄为35岁,接下来他们要完成四种独立人格的问卷.
The first measured their levels of aggression by asking them to rate how much statements such as 'Given enough provocation, I may hit someone' sounded like them.
第一个层面是对人格侵略性的测量,通过他们对侵略性陈述和自己的相似程度作出的自我评价来判断,比如"假如有人挑衅,我可能会出手揍他".
For the second, participants were asked to rate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with statements designed to assess the personality traits of Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism.
在第二个层面,他们被要求针对问卷设计的具有马基雅维利主义、病态人格和自恋症特征的陈述,表明自己的认同程度.
Example questions in each of these sections included 'I tend to manipulate others to get my way', 'I tend to be callous or insensitive' and 'I tend to want others to pay attention to me', respectively.
以上每一类的示例问题分别包括"为了达成目的,我可能会利用他人","我很容易变得冷酷无情或麻木不仁"以及"我希望他人能关注我".
Next, the participants answered questions relating to the 'Big 5' personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability.
接下来,参与者需要回答有关外向型、亲和型、自觉型与情感稳定型的五大性格维度测试问题.
And lastly they completed the Comprehensive Assessment of Sadistic Tendencies, which assesses a person's tendency towards 'everyday sadism'.
最后,他们会完成施虐倾向的综合评价问卷,测试他们是否具有"日常施虐"的人格倾向.
This involved rating on a scale how much they agreed or disagreed with statements such as 'When making fun of someone, it is especially amusing if they realise what I'm doing', and 'I enjoy tormenting people'.
这一问卷基于他们对一系列陈述的认同程度,如"当恶搞某人时,如果他们意识到我对他们做了什么,我会感到特别好玩","我很享受折磨别人".
'General bitter taste preferences emerged as a robust predictor for Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism and everyday sadism,' the researchers wrote in the journal Appetite.
研究者在Appetite期刊上写道,"一般来说,偏爱苦味是马基雅维利式操纵狂、心理变态、自恋倾向以及施虐倾向强有力的预测信号."
Agreeableness – the extent to which a person is kind, sympathetic and cooperative– was negatively correlated with bitter taste preferences, they added.
他们补充道,亲和性（善良、有同情心和合作精神的人格维度）与偏爱苦味呈负相关.
