I
The Chinese and American peoples have a long history of friendly exchanges. They fought shoulder to shoulder during the World Anti-Fascist War. In 1949, under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people gained liberation and founded the People's Republic of China. Chairman Mao Zedong solemnly declared that the Chinese people had since stood up.
After the founding of New China, diplomatic relations were established between China and countries after countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, and mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. However, the wrong U.S. policy not to recognize the People's Republic of China kept the two countries long in mutual estrangement and hostility. Yet, the trend of progress of history and the advancement of the times could not be stopped. The Chinese and American peoples had always cherished friendly sentiments toward each other, and had never stopped making efforts to seek friendly exchanges and cooperation for mutual benefit. In 1970, in his meeting with the U.S. journalist Edgar Snow, Chairman Mao Zedong said, "China and the U.S. will establish diplomatic relations anyway. How can the two countries stay out of diplomatic ties for 100 years?" President Nixon observed in the same year that "it is certainly in our interest, and in the interest of peace and stability in Asia and the world, that we take what steps we can toward improved practical relations with Peking". Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai demonstrated strategic insight with their decision and personal commitment to launch the "ping-pong diplomacy", and Dr. Henry Kissinger made a secret visit to China in July 1971. The momentum was built toward normalization of China-U.S. relations.
In February 1972, President Nixon paid an ice-breaking visit to China at the invitation of Premier Zhou Enlai, when they had a "handshake that crossed the vast Pacific Ocean". Addressing the welcoming banquet at the Great Hall of the People, President Nixon said that he had come for U.S. interests. "You believe deeply in your system, and we believe just as deeply in our system. It is not our common beliefs that have brought us together here, but our common interests and our common hopes." He added, "There is no reason for us to be enemies." "This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world." Chinese leaders emphasized that China and the U.S. needed to be clear-minded about their differences and work hard to find common ground in order for the relationship to make a new start.
The Shanghai Communiqu, issued during President Nixon's visit, acknowledged the common ground between the two sides while spelling out the differences as they stood. It pointed out clearly that "there are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. Yet, the two sides agreed that countries, regardless of their social systems, should conduct their relations on the principles of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, non-aggression against other states, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence". The two sides stated that progress toward normalizing China-U.S. relations served the interest of all countries. This historic document kept explicit account of the important common understanding that the two sides were ready to approach their relations on the principles of mutual respect, equality and seeking common ground while shelving differences. The Shanghai Communiqu fully reflected the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and conformed to the basic norms of international relations.
From Dr. Kissinger's secret trip to President Nixon's official visit, an important step was taken toward normalization of China-U.S. relations. That was followed by the Carter Administration's acceptance of the three principles proposed by China, namely the U.S. must sever "diplomatic relations" and abrogate its "mutual defense treaty" with Taiwan and U.S. forces must withdraw from Taiwan. On such basis, the U.S. reached agreement with China on the proper handling of the Taiwan question. In the Joint Communiqu issued on 16 December 1978 on the establishment of diplomatic ties, the U.S. recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China. The U.S. side went on to state that within that context, the people of the U.S. would maintain cultural, commercial and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan. On 1 January 1979, China and the U.S. entered into diplomatic relations.
From the ice-breaking visit to the normalization of relations and to the establishment of diplomatic ties, leaders and statesmen of the elder generation in China and the U.S., Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping on the Chinese side, and Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter and Henry Kissinger on the American side, acted in the fundamental interests of the two peoples and made the political decision of historic significance with their exceptional strategic vision and political courage to rise above the differences in ideology and social systems. The Shanghai Communiqu, the Joint Communiqu on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, and the 1982 Joint Communiqu that focused on addressing the question of U.S. arms sales to Taiwan, something left over from history, identified the One China principle and established the principles of mutual respect, equality and seeking common ground while putting aside differences as the guiding principles in conducting China-U.S. relations. They form the political foundation of China-U.S. relations.
The fact of history is, China has always upheld the leadership of the CPC and steadfastly followed the path of socialism. From the outset of the normalization process, China-U.S. relations have always been based on the common understanding that both sides recognize and respect each other's different social system. Some U.S. politicians claim that in engaging and entering into diplomatic relations with China, the original U.S. purpose was to change China, and that U.S. policy of engagement with China has become a total failure. They portray China as having tried over all these years to fool and deceive the U.S. Their allegations are fanfare for ideological confrontation and the Cold War mentality. They are nothing short of discredit to the enormous efforts and contributions made throughout past decades by people across the two societies to promote the development of China-U.S. relations. Yet, fact is fact, and history cannot be tampered with. We need to take an attitude that is responsible to history and to the people. We need to stand up for what is right and set the record straight. We need to jointly safeguard the foundation of China-U.S. relations and protect the friendship between the Chinese and American peoples. Any attempt otherwise will fail the test of history and people's expectation.
