Cracking down on the trade in children

A policewoman plays with one of the 11 babies rescued from a child trafficking ring in Yunnan province in August. The search is now on to find the children's parents. Lin Yiguang / Xinhua

China is redoubling its efforts to combat the abduction and trafficking of the most vulnerable members of society.

Lying asleep in their cribs, the 11 babies at the Kaiyuan Social Welfare Institution in Yunnan province were blissfully unaware of the furor that surrounded them earlier this year.

In August, the children, all younger than 12 months, were rescued from a child-trafficking gang that had abducted them and 10 other babies a few months earlier, and had planned to sell them to the highest bidder.

Although Wang Liyan, deputy head of the institute, is hopeful the infants will quickly be reunited with their families, that seems unlikely to happen soon. Blood samples collected from the children were entered on the national DNA database in the hope of finding matches, and photos were released to the media, but so far no one has come forward to claim them.

Making a breakthrough

In January, police in Yunnan made a breakthrough when they detained a woman at a railway station in Kaiping, and discovered that a child traveling with her was listed as missing. When they questioned her, the woman admitted she was transporting the infant to Shandong province where he was to be sold at a huge profit.

That clue helped police smash a major trafficking ring headed by a Yunnan native and his family that targeted children in the borderlands between the province and Vietnam, according to the Ministry of Public Security.

The traffickers were active in southwestern Yunnan from May to August, buying or abducting a large number of infants. They hired accomplices to undertake long-distance journeys to transport the infants to provinces such as Fujian, Henan and Shandong, where they were to be sold.

In August, the ministry ordered police from Yunnan, Fujian, Henan and Shandong to conduct a joint operation that resulted in the capture of 32 suspects, and the rescue of 11 of the 21 abducted infants.

"The babies have been sold several times, making it difficult to trace their parents. Even worse, because they are so poor, some of the parents may have actually sold their own children. If so, they will be charged with child abduction," said Liang Yong, a police officer from the Kaiyuan Railway Public Security Department in Yunnan who took part in the joint rescue operation.

There are no official figures about the number of children abducted every year, but Chen Shiqu, director of the human trafficking office at the ministry's Criminal Investigation Department, said the number of cases his team has uncovered since January has risen sharply: "We have boosted our efforts to curb child trafficking, but these people abduct infants because the profits are huge, and that makes the risks worth taking."

According to Xu Hong, a press officer at the Kaiyuan Public Security Department, a healthy infant bought for 10,000 yuan ($1,630) to 30,000 yuan in a poverty-stricken area can fetch as much as 70,000 to 80,000 yuan in provinces such as Fujian and Guangdong.

Poverty is often the motive behind the sale of children in remote, rural areas, such as the southwestern provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi.

The isolated nature of these areas means it's difficult to implement the national family planning policy, which limits most couples to one child, and large families are the norm in remote farming circles, according to Zhang Baoyan, the founder of Baby Back Home, a website that helps parents track missing children.

Chen said childless couples in comparatively well-to-do provinces, including Guangdong, Fujian and Shandong, often "buy" or "adopt" abducted children because they still believe in the importance of "carrying on the family line" and "having sons to support them when they grow old".

"However, children are not commodities, and they can't be trafficked. We will adopt a 'zero tolerance' attitude toward this antisocial activity," he said.

Punishing purchasers

Under a proposed amendment to China's Criminal Law, which has been submitted to the National People's Congress for approval, people who buy trafficked infants will be held criminally accountable. That only happens under the present law if they actively hamper police rescue attempts, or physically abuse the children.

"When the amended Criminal Law comes into effect, it will eliminate the demand from buyers, and attack the trade in human traffic at its very roots," Wu Ming'an, a law professor at China University of Political Science and Law, said.

Li Wei, a lawyer from the Beijing Lawyers Association, said people convicted of abducting children face sentences ranging from five to 10 years. "If the circumstances are serious - such as the abduction of more than three children, causing death or serious injury, or selling children overseas - the traffickers will face sentences ranging from 10 years to death."

Chen said thousands of families have been reunited by a groundbreaking national DNA database. Ministry statistics show that since April 2009, when the database was launched, more than 1,500 youngsters have been reunited with their parents.

Chen said blood samples are taken when parents report children missing, or when the police rescue abducted children. The information is immediately entered on the national DNA database.

"The system can quickly compare DNA samples from the parents and children and can be accessed by the police nationally," he said.

Facing obstacles

According to Chen, his officers face practical difficulties when working on cases of children who have been missing for a long time.

"After many years, a child may have been trafficked many times, and their appearance, voice, or individual information may have changed completely, so it's difficult to collect valuable clues to identify them."

He said the police will attach greater importance to visiting villages in key areas, such as Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian, and will also improve collection methods for blood samples.

Dai Peng, director of the criminal investigation college at the People's Public Security University of China, said: "The priority must be to impose harsher punishments on the purchasers, and improve the legal and moral education of local residents, especially those in key trafficking areas, such as Yunnan and Guangdong."

He also suggested the public security service should deepen cooperation with the relevant government departments, including welfare institutes and the department of education, to improve social management in coping with child abduction.